Vietnam’s leader and general secretary ruling communist party, Nguyen Phu Trong, died on July 19 at age 80. President To Lam has taken over his position.
The Central Committee of Vietnam’s ruling Communist Party issued an obituary on Friday saying that Trong, the general secretary of the party, passed away “due to old age and serious illness.” Vietnamese officials did not mention details about Trong’s illness.
Since 2011, Trong had served as general secretary of the Communist Party of the one party-ruled authoritarian state, which made him the top leader of the country. He also served as President of Vietnam from 2018 to 2020.
Trong was in power in Vietnam for more than a decade. During his tenure, Vietnam pursued “bamboo diplomacy,” balancing between the United States and China. Mr. Trong advocated the approach of “more friends, fewer foes” in diplomacy.
Last September, U.S. President Joe Biden’s visit to Hanoi, Vietnam, elevated Vietnam’s relation with the United States to the highest diplomatic status, alongside China, Russia, India, and South Korea. In December 2023, Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leader Xi Jinping visited Vietnam—amid disputes over the Chinese Communist Party’s unrecognized claims over maritime territories in South China Sea—to promote closer relations between Hanoi and Beijing. Vietnam elevated Japan to its highest diplomatic status last year. Vietnam also hosted Russian President Vladimir Putin in June.
Vietnam has implemented economic reforms since 1986. However, international human rights groups believe Trong presided over a further crackdown on dissidents, jailing activists, journalists, and social media commentators. Trong launched so-called anti-corruption campaigns, similar to Xi’s campaigns in China, in order to crackdown on opponents within the party, including former Vietnam prime minister, president, and chairman of national assembly Vo Van Thuong.
Opportunity for Transformation
Feng Chongyi, a professor of China studies at the University of Technology Sydney, told The Epoch Times on July 20 that there has always been a dispute between the northern and southern factions in Vietnam’s political arena.
“People who grew up in south Vietnam, like the former prime minister, are more liberal. Trong belonged to the northern Vietnam faction, who are more stubborn and conservative communists. They are now at least having an opportunity to further reform and open up, which is provided by the sudden death of Trong.”
Although Trong adopted reforms to some aspects of Vietnam’s political system, which is much more than communist China has done, Mr. Feng noted that such reforms could only go so far.
“After all, it is still the party-state of the Communist Party and a communist regime,” he said.
Mr. Feng explained that now there is a good opportunity, “that is, the United States, Europe, and Japan are all de-risking and decoupling from China economically. Many companies, especially high-tech industries, and manufacturing, are moving out of China to two main destinations—Vietnam and India. So if Vietnam seizes the opportunity, it will further open up and reform, changing towards the direction of the two basic systems of capitalist market economy and constitutional democracy.”
Successor to Lam
Mr. Lam became the president of Vietnam in May. Previously, he served as Vietnam’s public security chief.
Mr. Feng said that as Mr. Lam has only been president for a short time, his true political stance is unclear, and his background as minister of Public Security doesn’t necessarily mean that he will be more authoritarian.
“If he has a certain level of political wisdom, he should move in a more open and liberal direction. That would be a positive thing for him to consolidate his power and to promote Vietnam’s economic development and social opening.”
Sun Kuo-hsiang, a professor of international affairs and business at Nanhua University in Taiwan, is cautious about which direction Mr. Lam will steer Vietnam. He noted, “In communist Vietnam’s constitution, the Communist Party of Vietnam is the only legal political party to rule.”
He said that Trong’s passing may represent the end of an era and the beginning of a new one. “But at the beginning of this new era, it still has to face the fact that the Vietnamese Communist Party, which is like the CCP, is in control of the military, police, and public security.
“Among them, the most important in Vietnam is the public security, so most of Vietnam’s presidents were ministers of public security previously. We have to wait and see if he [Mr. Lam] can grasp this situation and bring the country into a new stage of development,” Mr. Sun said.
Impact on China-Vietnam Relations
The CCP sent condolences for the death of Vietnam’s communist leader the same day.
Besides China, there are only four remaining communist regimes in the world: Cuba, Laos, Vietnam, and North Korea.
Mr. Feng said that losing a veteran communist leader is a negative thing for the Chinese communist regime: “Among the few communist regimes left, Vietnam is very important because its population and economic size are only next to China. North Korea, Laos, and Cuba are too small.”
However, for China as a whole, it’s positive news, he said: “If a communist regime is lost or weakened, it is good news for ordinary Chinese people.”
Mr. Sun pointed out that the passing of Trong is indeed a new blow for China and China-Vietnam relations.
“The CCP immediately sent Vietnam its condolences on the death of Trong, which is actually its attempt to cultivate and build connection with the successor. We will also see how the West would communicate with To Lam,” he said.
With Trong’s sudden passing, Mr. Sun added, “There must be an internal power reshuffle. During the process, external forces may have the opportunity to exert influence. In other words, it’s very important which outside forces can help To Lam to stabilize his power, and whether the United States and Japan or China can influence To Lam more.
“Of course, the most critical thing is whether Vietnam’s internal power transfer is stable, and how to reassess Vietnam’s positioning in the Indo-Pacific region after the transfer of power, and the relationship between Vietnam and China, as well as Vietnam’s relationship with the Western world,” Mr. Sun said.
“After the overall power balance is reached, we can see that there may be some adjustments in the relationship between China and Vietnam, but significant changes may not happen in the short term.”
Luo Ya and Reuters contributed to this report.
From The Epoch Times